bibliis qarTuli Targmanebi
1.oSkis biblia
uZvelesi bibliidan dResdReobiT Cvenamde qarTuli bibliis ramdenime met-naklebi sisrulis krebulma moaRwia. maTgan yvelaze adreulia 978 wels oSkSi aTonis mTis moRvawis, warsulSi saxelganTqmuli sardlis ioane (Tornikes) dakveTiT gadawerili nusxa, romelic oSkis anu aTonis bibliis saxeliTaa cnobili da amJamad aTonis mTaze inaxeba. Ees xelnaweri daumzadebiaT miqael varaz vaCes Zes, stefane mweralsa da giorgi gelasis Zes. Yyvelafer amas vityobT xelnawerze darTuli anderZidan. oSkis biblia Zalzed dazianebuli da naklulia. ivaraudeba, rom misi sawyisi wyaroc ar unda yofiliyo srulyofili. xelnaweri sami didi tomisagan Sedgeboda. teqsti ar yofila Tavebad da muxlebad dayofili. naweri iyo nusxuri. Seicavda wignebs Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: I. xuTwigneuli, isu naves wignebi, msajulTa wignebi, ruTi, iobi, fsalmuni; II. mefeTa wignebi. solomonis igavni, eklesiaste, qebaTa qeba, solomonis sibrZne, wigni iesosi, ziraqis Zis, mcire winaswarmetyvelebi; III. esaias wignebi, ieremias wignebi, baruqis, ieremias godeba, ieremias locva, ieremias epistole, iezekieli, danieli, I ezra, II ezra, neemia, IV ezra, esTeri, ivdiTi, tobi (is SeiZleba ufro gvian iyos Camatebuli). mas Semdeg rac wignebi dazianda da furclebis saerTo raodenobis TiTqmis meoTxedi daikarga, darCenili nawili or tomad aikinZa, dairRva Tavdapirveli Tanmimdevroba, xolo mTlianad daikarga Semdegi wignebi: ricxvTa, meore sjulTa isu navesi, fsalmuni, nawilobriv-dabadeba, (1-12T); msajulTa (1-18T); iobi (30-26-is Semdeg); esaia (1-7T).
oSkis biblia 1849 wels platon ioselianma Camoitana aTonidan saqarTveloSi da misgan gadaiwera ori piri: erTi – samegrelos mTavris, daviT dadianisTvis, meore – sionis taZrisTvis. gadaweris Semdeg oSkis biblia daabrunes aTonis mTaze.
saubari imaze Tu mTlianobaSi saidan aris Targmnili oSkis biblia Wirs. nawili miiCnevs rom somxuri arqetipidan momdinareobda mTeli teqsti, xolo nawili Tvlis, rom mas berZnuli sawyisi unda hqondes.
2. gelaTis biblia
gelaTis biblia gansxvavebulia oSkis bibliisagan imiT, rom masSi wignebi ganmartebebiTurTaa warmodgenili. es Targmani saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT, rom ganzraxuli yofila yvela bibliuri wignis (Zveli aRTqma, axali aRTqma) Targmna bizantiel avtorTa ganmartebiTurT da sruli bibliuri egzegetikuri krebulis Sedgena. Cvenamde mxolod nawilma moaRwia. gelaTuri biblia ganekuTvneba XI saukunis bolo wlebs, warmodgenili ori xelnaweriT, romelic enobrivi TvalsazrisiT petriwonul skolas ganekuTvneba. zogierTi mkvlevari mis mTargmnelad ioane petriws miiCnevs. zogi mxolod redaqtorad Tvlis mas. rac Seexeba masSi arsebuli Targmanis wyaros, arsebobs ramdenime mosazreba, nawilni – aRmosavlur versias varaudoben, nawilni berZnul wyaros. bolo dros gamoiTqva varaudi, rom igi marTlac berZnulidan unda momdinareobdes.
gelaTuri biblia, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT mniSvnelovania darTuli ganmartebebiT da amis gamo uwodeben mas “katenebian biblias”. igi Sesrulebuli unda iyos mTargmnelTa jgufis mier, erTi mTavari redaqtor – mTargmnelis (SesaZloa, arsen iyalToelis) saerTo xelmZRvanelobiT.
3.qarTuli bibliis ierusalimuri da janaSviliseuli xelnawerebi
XI saukunis II naxevris xelnaweri gadawerilia palestinaSi, jvris monasterSi. masSi daculia didi da mcire winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi srulad. agreTve ezras samive wigni da neemia. am xelnawerebSi gvaqvs araugvianes meSvide saukunis Targmani, SesaZloa ufro adrindelic.
XIII-XIV saukuneebiT TariRdeba meore xelnaweri ierusalimis sapatriarqo biblioTekidan. is Seicavs mefeTa wignebs, romelTac boloSi mosdevs eklesiastes teqsti. mefeTa wignebis teqsti uZvelesi redaqciisaa, igi imiT gansxvavdeba oSkis bibliisgan, rom aris Semoklebuli, Llakonuri versia.
janaSviliseuli xelnawerebic mokle redaqciiTaa warmodgenili. teqstis Semmoklebeli cdilobs teqsti lakonurad warmoadginos, rac xorcieldeba calkeuli sityvebisa da frazebis xarjze.
janaSviliseul xelnawers aklia mefeTa wignebi, magram damatebuli aqvs: II sjulis, isu navesi, msajulni, ruTi da iobi.
Mmeore xelnaweri (janaSviliseuli) XV-XVI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. is gansxvavebiT yvela sxva xelnawerisagan mxedruli asoebiT aris naweri da masSi mocemulia bibliis Semdegi wignebi: oTxive mefeTa, neStTas orive wigni, esTeri, ivdiTi, ezra, zorobabelis orive wigni da neemia. bibliis es xelnaweri gamorCeulia imiT rom jer erTi masSi bibliuri teqstebi ufro Zveli versiidan gadmowerilad miaCniaT, vidre aTonis bibliaSi daculi versia, meorec, xelnawers miwerili aqvs kideebze Zveli aRTqmis akvila – svimaqosis avtorobiT cnobili redaqciis variantebi.
4. mcxeTis biblia
dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos, rom mxolod mcxeTis biblia Seicavs axali aRTqmis garkveul nawils. yvela danarCenSi aris mxolod Zveli aRTqmis wignebi.
mcxeTis biblias sxvagvarad sabas bibliasac uwodeben. igi Seadgina didma qarTvelma mweralma da sazogado moRvawem sulxan-saba orbelianma. mcxeTis biblia gadawerilia ramdenime piris mier. erT-erTi gadamweri TviTon sulxan-sabacaa (igulisxmeba mxedruli xeliT naweri, nusxurad nawer ramdenime sxva adgilTan erTad). krebulSi Setanilia Zveli aRTqmis 44 dasaxelebis wigni. teqsti dayofilia muxlebad da Tavebad. aRWurvilia sami saxis saZiebliT: 1) “saZiebelni mowmoba”- es aris Zveli aRTqmidan momdinare axal aRTqmis adgilebis aRnusxva, anu miTiTebebi axal aRTqmaSi Zveli aRTqmis adgilebis citirebisa; 2) “ebraelTa, qaldevelTa da ionTa saxelTa Targmanebi”- es aris bibliaSi warmodenil sakuTar saxelTa komentireba. 3) “saZiebelni matianeTani”- es aris faqtobrivad bibliaSi damowmebuli sakuTari saxelebis simfonia.
mcxeTuri bibliis redaqciul mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs is rom sulxan-saba Tavisi bibliis krebulisaTvis ramdenime wyaros iyenebda. krebulis udides nawilSi gamoyenebulia uZvelesi, oSkis bibliis mimyoli redaqciis teqstebi. fsalmunTa wignisaTvis mas usargeblia giorgi aToneliseuli redaqciis teqstiT (mcxeTuri biblia bibliis pirveli krebulia, romelSic fsalmunTa wignia Setanili). sami wignis – igavni solomonisani, isu ziraqi, solomonis sibrZne – teqsti sawinaswarmetyvelo – sadResaswaulo krebulidanaa amoRebuli, ris gamoc es wignebi sxvadasxva zomis fragmentebis saxiT aris Sesuli bibliis am krebulSi. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebisaTvis sabas gamouyenebia gelaTuri redaqciis teqsti. krebulSi pirdapir aris Cakruli vaxtang VI-is stambaSi 1710-1711 wlebSi TvoTon sulxan-sabas redaqtorobiT dabeWdili am wignis furclebi.
saxarebis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi
1. I periodis (V-Xss.) Targmanebis Semcveli xelnawerebi
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis I periodidan (V-Xss.) Cvenamde moRweulia ori stilisturi redaqcia: xanmeti da sabawminduri. bibliis wignTagan yvelaze adre unda eTargmnaT saxareba. adreuli periodis Targmanebma Cvenamde IX-X ss-is Semdegi xelnawerebiT moaRwia: Satberdis anu adiSis saxareba (897 w.); urbnisis (906w.); opizis (913w.); jruWis anu Satberdis (936w.); sinis mTis oTxi xelnaweri (X s-is bolo meoTxedi); wyarosTavis (Xs.); qsnis (Xs.); parxlis (973w.); centrarqivis (Xs.); mestiis (1033 w.); Satberdis (936 w.).
Ddasaxelebul oTxTavTa ZiriTadi nawili gadawerili aris samxreT saqarTveloSi, kerZod tao-klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi.
Oopiza uZvelesia tao-krajeTis samonastro centrebs Soris. iq moRvaweobdnen grigol xanZTeli, miqael parxleli, serapion zarzmeli, giorgi mawyvereli, grigol opizeli, aTanase opizeli, anton opizeli, ilarion opizeli.. opizaSi damzadebul xelnawerTa Soris gamorCeulia 913 wlis saxareba (amJamad aTonis qarTvelTa savaneSia daculi). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania cnobil oqromqandakebelTa beSqen da beqa opizarTa moRvaweoba. maTi udidesi Sroma (berTis saxarebis, wyarosTavis oTxTavis da sxvaTa ydis moWediloba) warmoaCens rogorc qarTuli kulturis maRal dones, aseve opizis, rogorc mZlavri SemoqmedebiTi centris sidiades.
Satberdis miwa-wyali aSot kurapalatma Seswira xanZTis monasters, xolo mogvianebiT, bagrat kurapalatis zeobisas grigol xanZTelis TaosnobiT aq aSenda taZari. grigoli xSirad imyofeboda SatberdSi da akvirdeboda iqaur sulier da SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas. sofrom Satberdelis TaosnobiTaa damzadebuli 897 wlis saxareba _ qarTul TariRian oTxTavTa Soris uZvelesi da uZvirfasesi nusxa. gadaweris adgilis mixedviT, xelnawers Satberdis oTxTavi ewoda, magram radgan igi didxans inaxeboda svaneTSi, sofel adiSSi, amitom adiSis oTxTavis saxeli daumkvidrda. amJamad daculia mestiis muzeumSi.
adiSis oTxTavis winamorbedi unda momdinareobdes im saerTo arqetipidan, saidanac aris gadawerili xanmeti teqstic. adiSis oTxTavSi aris xanmetobis kvali, garda amisa ramdenjer uadgilod aris naxmari “xolo”. yvela am adgilas xanmet oTxTavSi aris prefiqsi “x” (II sub.piris an III ir.ob. piris niSnad). rogorc Cans gadamwerma es “xani” miiCnia “xolos” daqaragmebul formad: xekrZaleniT=xolo ekrZaleniT (mate 6,1) xiTxovdi=xolo iTxovdi (mate 7,7) xiyos=xolo iyos (7,9).
akaki SaniZem daadgina, rom es xelnaweri gadawerilia haemeti dednidan, romelic nakluli yofila, aklda lukas ramdenime Tavi. gadamwers es adgili sxva redaqciis teqstiT Seuvsia. amrigad adiSis oTxTavSi dadasturebuli xanmetoba da haemetobis gadmonaSTebi miuTiTebs, rom teqsti Targmnilia uZveles droSi da Semdeg aris gadawerili.
Ddid interess iwvevs saxarebis meore Satberduli xelnaweric, romelic 936 wels daamzada gabriel Satberdelma, xolo 940 wels moxata “kamaraTmweralma” Tevdorem. es igive jruWis oTxTavia, romelic ukanasknel xanamde daculi iyo jruWis monasterSi, zemo imereTSi. amJamad daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.
Satberdel moRvaweTa Soris gamoirCeva gawafuli kaligrafi ioane beri, romelmac 973 wels gadawera da parxals Seswira oTxTavi, amitomac es xelnaweri parxlis saxeliTaa cnobili. igi erTxans Turq-osmalTa tyve yofila da vaxuSti abaSiZem daixsna (XVIIIs.). ioane beris mier gadawerili oTxTavi friad mniSvnelovania winaaTonuri redaqciis saxarebaTa Soris. tyveobidan daxsnili inaxeboda sofel zemo WalaSi (xaSuris raioni). amJamad daculia saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.
aTonis qarTvelTa monastris moRvaweebma giorgi aTonelis mier redaqtirebuli saxarebis avtografi did wignTsacavSi Seinaxes da aRarc ekarebodnen. eklesiaSi hqondaT misi piri _ ”saeklesio saxareba”, romelsac iyenebdnen dednad axali nusxebisaTvis. vinme zaqaria berma moaxerxa giorgiseuli teqstis gadmowera, am xelnaweridan ki piri daamzada stefane Satberdelma. swored stefanes xelnaweridan momdinareobs vanis saxareba, rogorc amas misi gadamweri ioane romanaeli gvauwyebs.
Satberdis unda iyos qsnis oTxTavic, romelic paleografiuli niSnebiTa da teqstobriv-enobrivi realiebiT IX_X saukuneTa mijnas ekuTvnis.
ganTqmulia berTis oTxTavebic. berTis monasteri mdebareobs karCxlis xeobaSi, maRal mTaze. aq ber_monazvnuri cxovrebis dawyeba IX saukunis I naxevriT TariRdeba. berTis oTxTavebi gadawerilia X saukunis II naxevarSi, romelic 1830 wels waiRes amerikelma misionerebma da dResac okeanis gaRmaa. (beSqen opizris mier oqroWedur ydaSi Casmul. XIIs.).
Zvel saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo wyarosTavis ori didi taZari: erTi _ javaxeTSi (igi mwignobrobis TvalsazrisiT interess ar iwvevs); meore ki klarjeTSi, mdinare karCxlis marcxena mxares. n.mari gaxlavT pirveli mecnieri, romelmac iqaur nangrevebSi saganmanaTleblo kera amoicno, SeniSna, seminaria-saswavlebis darbazi. wyarosTavis monasteri IX saukunis I naxevarSi daarsda.
wyarosTavidan moRweulia ramdenime xelnaweri: saxareba, romelic ioane fukaralisZesa da giorgi seTaisZes gadaunusxavT 1195 wels, beqa opizaris moWedilia, masve mouWedavs 1193_1207 wlebSi sofrom mwignobris mier gadawerili saxarebac, Tumca misi yda karga xania dakargulia.
iSxnis taZari “meored aRaSena” 826 wlis axlos grigol xanZTelis deidaSvilma da TanamoRvawem saba iSxnelma. iqauri moRvawea ilarion iSxneli, visi TaosnobiTac damzadda mestiis saxareba (1033 w.).
m. broses unaxavs 1034 wels iSxanSi gadawerili etratis saxarebis fragmentebi.
parxlis moRvaweTa Soris gansakuTrebiT nayofieri mwignobari yofila gabriel patara (X_XIss.), romelsac gadaunusxavs ramdenime wigni, maT Soris parxlis oTxTavi, nusxur oTxTavTa Soris uZvelesi.
tbeTi _ SavSeTis samwerlobo kera, mZlavri sakaTedro taZari, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. tbeTis didebuli taZari erisTavTerisTavma aSot kuxma aago X saukunis dasawyisSi. aq moRvaweobda himnografi ioane mtbevari. misi himnebi gvxvdeba miqael modrekilis krebulSi. igi zrunavda qarTul xelnawerTa gamravlebazec. mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli tbeTis saxareba (995w.) momdevno xanidan SegviZlia davasaxeloT ioane mtbevar-safareli (XIIs.), romelmac daamzadebina wyarosTavis oTxTavi. rogorc Cans samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos kerebs Soris garkveuli kavSirurTierToba arsebobda. mag: ioane berma 973 wels SatberdSi gadawera da parxals Seswira oTxTavi. aqaur moRvaweebs Soreul kerebTanac ki hqondaT kontaqti. mag: oSkis biblia oSkelma mwignobrebma-miqael varazvaCes Zem, stefane mweralma da giorgi gelasis Zem-aToneli moRvawis dakveTiT daamzades. samxreT_dasavleT saqarTvelos kulturul-literaturul tradiciebze aRzrdili bevri mwignobari Semdeg sxvaganac nayofier SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas eweoda: efrem didi oSkeli (XIs.) da anton tbeli (XIs) Sav mTaze. mas Semdeg rac tao-klarjeTis kerebis mniSvneloba Semcirda (Turq-selCukTa Semosevebis gamo) bevri iqauri moRvawe ucxoeTSi gaixizna. sxvaTa Soris im xelnawerTa nawili axlac gafantulia: berTis oTxTavi - amerikaSi; tbeTis oTxTavi _ sankt-peterburgSi; opizis saxareba - aTonze da a.S.
udidesi nawili am saganZurisa, rac dRes mogvepoveba XI-X saukuneebidan, Seqmnilia tao-klarjeTSi, sadac Camoyalibda erovnul niadagze aRmocenebuli tao-klarjeTis saliteraturo skola.
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis I periodSi Seqmnili oTxTavis (aTonamdeli) qarTuli redaqciebi
adiSis, jruWis da parxlis oTxTavebi gamosulia erTi da imave monastridan (Satberdi), gadaweris droc didad ar aris erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli, magram adiSis xelnawerSi warmodgenili teqsti jruWi_parxlisagan gansxvavebuli redaqciaa. am ukanasknels mohyveba X saukunis yvela danarCeni oTxTavis teqsti, agreTve giorgi mTawmindelis redaqcia, radgan giorgis redaqciam vulgatis mniSvneloba daimkvirda, jruWi-parxlis redaqcias ak. SaniZem protovulgati uwoda.
adiSis oTxTavSi daculi saxarebis qarTuli redaqcia uadres Targmans emyareba, araugvianes VI s-isa, garda xanmetobis gadmonaSTebisa gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mieniWos imas, rom swored adiSuri redaqciis teqsts iyenebs “evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis” avtori.
mkvlevarTa nawili (ZiriTadad ucxoeli qarTvelologebi) adiSur redaqcias miiCnevs somxuridan momdinare Tavdapirvel qarTul Targmanad, romelic VII saukunidan gadamuSavda berZnulTan Sejerebis gziT da ase iqna miRebuli jruW-parxlis redaqcia. mkvlevarebi minimumamde amcireben armenizmebis kvals aRniSnul oTxTavSi, zogjer redaqciulobis niSniT saerTod ugulebelyofen somxuris gavlenas da es gavlena mxolod leqsikuri erTeulebis donemde dahyavT.
Tu miviCnevT, rom adiSuri redaqcia berZnulidanaa Targmnili, xolo armenizmebi masSi gvian aris gaCenili, maSin im daskvnamde unda mivideT, rom uadres periodSi berZnulidan momdinare ori sxvadasxva Targmani gvqonia, rac metad saeWvod miiCneva. gamomdinare iqidan, rom erTi enidan momdinare ori Tanadrouli da masTan, sruliad gansxvavebuli Targmanis Tanaarseboba nakleb sarwmunoa (aseT movlenas ar hqonia adgili iseT enobriv kulturul sivrceSi rogoricaa laTinuri da slavuri qristianuli mwerloba, somxuridanac erTi Targmania cnobili). maSasadame, aRniSnuli ori redaqciidan erTi ufro adrindelia, meore – SedarebiT gviandeli. (Sesabamisad, gviandeli icnobs da iTvaliswinebs adrindels).
adiSurisa da jruW-parxlis redaqciebis Sedareba adasturebs, rom es ukanaskneli adiSuri redaqciis avtorebisaTvis ucnobi ar aris. adiSuri da jruW-parxlis redaqciebi sakmaod xSirad Tanxvdeba erTimeores, rac SeuZlebelia aixsnas mxolod imiT, rom orive erTi da imave teqstis Targmania. maTes saxarebis III Tavis VIII-X muxlebi aris nimuSi imisa, rom ori redaqciis teqstobrivi naTesaoba ueWvelia. mciredi sxvaobani aRniSnul muxlebSic SeimCneva, Tumca aSkaraa, rom orive teqsti erTi Tavdapirveli redaqciidan, erTi Targmanidan momdinareobs. es ori Targmani erTmaneTs iTvaliswinebs, magram romeli romels emyareba, romelia pirveli an romeli masze dafuZnebuli – Zneli saTqmelia.
e. WeliZis azriT, oTxTavis Tavdapirveli Targmani, romelic uxarvezo ver iqneboda sul male detalurad Seudarda somxurs, romelic am droisaTvis ufro advilad gasagebi unda yofiliyo qarTvelebisaTvis, vidre berZnuli. mis dasturad gamodgeba X saukunis damdegis erT-erTi mTargmnelis daCis sityvebi: “mravliT JamiTagan gulmodgined veZiebd” “Targmanebasa fsalmunTsa”, wignsa mas, romeli dawera wmindaman mamaman Cuenman epifane kvarel episkoposman, da ara vpove qarTulad; berZenTa eniTa vpove da ver SevuZel cnobad... merme vpove somxuriTa eniTa SemeSurva somexTaTvis...… da amisTvis mciredia ese memoisxilvad gadmovaTargmne.
oTxTavis Tavdapirveli, berZnulidan momdinare Targmanis somxurTan Sesworeba ar gulisxmobda erTi-ori leqsikuri erTeulis Secvlas. es aris Rrmad gaazrebuli da uaRresad angariSgasawevi movlena, radgan adiSur redaqcias mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT “Sesworeba”. sinamdvileSi es aris arsebuli qarTuli Targmanis safuZvliani Zireuli misadageba somxuri teqstisadmi, im zomamde, rom adiSuri redaqcia, Tu mas Tavis namdvil saxels vuwodebT aris uadresi somxuri oTxTavis qarTuli versia.
s. sarajvelaZem “adiSis oTxTavis” 2003 wlis gamocemisaTvis mkvlevarTa jgufis mier wamZRvarebuli gamokvlevis erT-erT TavSi Seajama is argumentebi, romelTa meSveobiTac ak. SaniZe, s. yauxCiSvili da el. doCanaSvili adiSis redaqcias berZnulidan momdinared miiCneven. daemata maT bevri sxva wakiTxvac, romelic ar dasturdeba somxur TargmanSi, magram moipoveba berZnulSi da daskvna, rom radgan adiSis teqsti xSirad sxvaobs rogorc winaaTonuri da giorgiseuli nusxebis, aseve somxuri oTxTavis teqstidan, savaraudoa misi Targmnisas dednad gansxvavebuli berZnuli xelnawerebis gamoyeneba.
urbnisis, palestinuri, tbeTisa da mestiis saxarebebSi warmodenili redaqcia.
X saukuniT daTariRebul urbnisis oTxTavSi da 1048 wlis palestinur (svanur) oTxTavSi arsebuli teqsti redaqciulad gansxvavdeba rogorc adiSis, aseve protovulgatas teqstisgan. iv. imnaiSvili Tvlida, rom tbeTisa da mestiis saxarebebSi igive teqstia, rac urbnisisa da palestinurSi da es teqsti eqvTime aTonelis redaqciuli muSaobis Sedegs warmoadgenda. es azri ufro adre gamoTqva k. kekeliZem. is werda, rom e.w. „mestiis saxareba“ 1033 wlisaa, romelic gansxvavdeba rogorc adiSis da Zvel saxarebaTagan, aseve giorgi mTawmindelis redaqciisagan, swored eqvTime aTonels unda ekuTvnodeso.
zurab sarjvelaZis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad gaCnda dasabuTebuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom eqvTime mTawmindels am mxriv redaqciuli muSaoba ar Cautarebia da rom saxarebis es redaqcia eqvTimeseuli ar unda iyos. sarjvelaZem Seiswavla ra wyarosTavis oTxTavis mimarTeba e.w. opizuri redaqciis xelnawerebTan, gaarkvia, rom TviT am opizuri redaqciis xelnawerTa Soris Tavs iCens sakmaod mniSvnelovani teqstualuri sxvaobebi. es gansxvavebebi im rigisa ar aris, rom daisvas sakiTxi kidev erTi qarTuli oTxTavis redaqciis arsebobis Sesaxeb, magram uTuod warmoaCens teqstis garkveuli reviziis Sedegs. aRmoCnda, rom am TvalsazrisiT erTad dgas wyarosTavis oTxTavi da sami sinuri xelnaweri. es oTxi xelnaweri rig SemTxvevaSi upirispirdeba opizis, jruWis, berTis xelnawerebs. am dapirispirebisas wyarosTavis oTxTavsa da sam sinur xelnawers ugamonaklisod misdevs urbnisisa da palestinuri oTxTavebi. swored am or ukanasknels miiCnevda efTvimes mier SemuSavebul redaqciad iv. imnaiSvili. z. sarjvelaZem Sedarebis Sedegad gaarkvia, rom TiTqmis yvela wakiTxva, romelic iv. imnaiSvili efTvimeseulad miiCnevs winaaTonuroba srulad ucilobelia. amgvarad saxezea oTxTavis e.w. opizuri da ara calke redaqcia. sxvaobebs, romlebic xelnawerTa am jgufSi SeiniSneba jruWi-parxlis mimyol xelnawerebTan mimarTebiT, ver mivawerT efTvime aTonels. z. sarjvelaZis azriT, efTvime mTawmindelma ioane oqropiris maTes saxarebis TargmanSi gamoiyena winaaTonuri periodis oTxTavis (protovulgatis) iseTi xelnaweri, romelic Zalze axlos idga wyarosTavis oTxTavTan, sinur oTxTavebTan da maT mimyol urbnisisa da palestinis xelnawerebTan. am jgufs (wyarosTavis, urbnisisa da palestinis oTxTavebi) aerTianebs is wakiTxvebi, romelTa mizanic iyo qarTuli oTxTavis kidev ufro daaxloeba berZnulTan. Znelia imis Tqma Tu rodis an vin Seitana es cvlilebebi, oRond cxadia, rom es procesi XII saukunis I naxevarSi ukve dasrulebula, radgan gamovlenila haemetobis gadmonaSTebi: haSenebT, hiyo, ganhaSovreben, ganhaZes, ganhadida, ganheSora. rac Seexeba meore arguments, kerZod, alaverdis oTxTavis anderZs: „ese uwyodeT, wmidano mamano, romelnica miemTxvivneT wmidasa amas saxarebasa, friad marTali da wminda ars, mamis efTvimes saxarebaTa da Sewamebuli, berZnulsa orjer da qarTulsa, yovliTurT unakloi“, romelze dayrdnobiTac iv. imnaiSvili ueWvel faqtad miiCnevda saxarebis efTvimeseul redaqciis arsebobas, mis gagebaSi z. sarjvelaZem aseTi koreqtivi Seitana: „aq efTvimes saxarebaTa da Sexamebuli“ unda gavigoT ara rogorc efTvimes saxarebasTan Sedarebuli, orjer berZnulTan da erTxel - qarTulTan.
Aam argumentebs z. sarjvelaZe umatebs kidev Semdegs: 1) efTvimes TargmanTa nusxaSi ar aris naxsenebi oTxTavi, aseTi mniSvnelovani Zeglis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi igi albaT, ar gamorCeboda nusxis Semdgenels; 2) urbnisisa da palestinis oTxTavebs daerTvis gadamwerTa anderZebi. am anderZebSi araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom Zegli efTvimem Targmna. Znelad warmosadgenia, rom gadamwerebma efTvimes Rvawli gamotoves da sagangebod ar aRniSnes; 3) giorgi mTawmindeli oTxTavis Tavisi redaqciis anderZze moixseniebs „xanmet“ da „sabawmidur“ redaqciebs, magram arafers ambobs efTvimes mier naredaqcev teqstze. misTvis, rom am redaqciis arseboba cnobili yofiliyo, am garemoebas igi gverds dumiliT ver auvlida.
Qqsnis oTxTavi paleografiuli monacemebiT IX-X ss-iT TariRdeba. misi 187 furceli daculia saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, xolo darCenili 48 furceli - peterburgis erovnuli biblioTekis qarTuli xelnawerebis “axal seriaSi”. teqsti TbilisSi daculi nawilis mixedviT imnaiSvilma Seiswavla. man SeniSna, rom jruW-parxlis oTxTavTa bevri lafsusi qsnis oTxTavSic dasturdeba da am niSniT mis Seqmnis adgiladac Satberdi ivarauda. ak.SaniZem qsnis oTxTavis teqstSi somxuris gavlenac SeniSna. dadasturda isic, rom qsnis oTxTavi mxolod adiSuri redaqciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wakiTxvebsac Seicavs da bolos iv. imnaiSvilis azriT es teqsti “sakuTriv qsnur redaqcias” gvaZlevs, radganac masSi gvxvdeba wakiTxvebi, romlebic ar dasturdeba arc protovulgataSi (jruWi-parxalis), arc adiSur redaqciaSi. is qsnis xelnawerSi saxarebis Targmnis damoukidebel variants xedavda. varauds imis Sesaxeb, rom I periodSi saxarebis erTi da imave wyarodan momdinare ori ZiriTadi redaqciisgan (adiSisa da jruW-parxlis) gansxvavebuli redaqcia arsebobda, mxars umagrebs erT-erTi leqcionaris fragmenti, romelic adiSis saxarebis teqsts erTvis da aSkarad dRemde ucnob redaqcias gvaZlevs. am “ucnobi’’ redaqciis arsebobas ramdenadme mxars uWers im bibliuri citatebis gaanalizebac, romlebic sxvadasxva Janris TxzulebaSi dasturdeba. Zalian saintereso suraTi gamoikveTa am TvalsazrisiT severiane gabalovnelis egzetikuri Sromis “equsTa dReTaTvis” VI saukuneSi Sesrulebul qarTul TargmanSi. e.WeliZem miakvlia, rom macxovris dakrZalvis saxarebiseul TxrobaSi (ioane 20,6), romelic parafrazirebuli saxiT aris CarTuli teqstSi, berZnuli “sinedroni” Targmnilia dReisaTvis cnobili qarTuli oTxTavebisaTvis srulad ucxo terminiT: “spetaki Sari”, am faqtze dayrdnobiT e. WeliZe wers: “mocemuli Targmani, romelic, sazogadod, uklebliv yvela aspeqtiT uarqaules saxes gviCvenebs, SesaZlebelia asaxavdes qarTulenovani evangeluri tradiciis uadres teqstobriv viTarebas.
yuradReba da interesi qarTuli oTxTavebis mimarT didi iyo rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis farglebs gareT.
1909 wels, X saukunis ori xelnaweris opizisa da tbeTis mixedviT daibeWda maTes saxareba, 1911 wels markozis saxareba (vladimer beneSeviCis gamocema). am gamocemaSi teqstis axlebur dayofasTan erTad kideebze naCvenebia xelnawerSi gatarebuli Tavebis Zveleburi dayofac.
1916 wels moskovis arqeolgiurma sazogadoebam fototipiurad gamosca uZvelesi qarTuli adiSis oTxTavi. am gamocemaSi “kanonebic” moipoveba, oRond tabulebi areulad aris dabeWdili.
ucxoel mkvlevarTa mxridan aseTi yuradReba saxarebis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebisadmi aixsneba im mniSvnelobiT, romelic aqvs am Targmans saxarebis teqstis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis. XIX saukunis bolodan specialur literaturaSi sul idga sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra mimarTebaSia qarTuli teqsti berZnulTan da sxva versiebTan. r. bleiki markozis saxarebis gaanalizebis Sedegad mivida im daskvnamde, rom qarTuli oTxTavebi (adiSisa da opiza-tbeTis) somxur versiebTan erTad miekuTvneba im xelnawerTa jgufs, romelic Seicavs e.w kesariul teqsts. es is teqstia, romelic kesariaSi moipoveboda III saukuneebSi da swored am teqstiT sargeblobdnen evsebi da origene. teqsts Cvenamde pirvandeli saxiT ar mouRwevia, Tumca warmodenilia (nawilobriv) berZnul xelnawerTa erTwyebaSi. qarTuli teqstebi ufro adrindelia, vidre somxuri da swored amitom miiCneven kesariul teqsts qarTuli teqstebis dasabamad.
Aak.SaniZis gamocemaSi: “qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT” (1945w.) gamoyenebulia sami teqsti adiSis, jruWis da parxlis. marTalia xelnawerebi IX-X saukunisaa, magram maTSi uZvelesi Targmania daculi, amitom isini warmoadgenen qarTuli saliteraturo enis uZveles Zeglebs.
adiSis oTxTavis ukanaskneli akademiuri gamocema ganxorcielda z.sarjvelaZis saerTo redaqciiT 2003 wels.
qarTuli oTxTavis giorgi mTawmindeliseuli redaqcia
giorgi mTawmindelis redaqciis Semcvel oTxTavTa Soris “vanis oTxTavi” aris erT-erTi saukeTeso xelnaweri.
saxarebis giorgi mTawmindeliseulma redaqciam dRemde xelnawerTa sakmao didi raodenobiT moaRwia (ruisis-Xis; berTis XI-XIIss; labsyaldis XIIIs..) Cven dawvrilebiT SevexebiT mxolod sam saukeTeso da uZveles xelnawers.
“vanis oTxTavi” Sedgeba 274 furclisagan, naweria saukeTeso xarisxis etratze, xelnaweris zoma aris 29 sm 21 smze. naweria erT svetad, dasawyisebi Sesrulebulia asomTavruliT, gadamweria ioane uRirsi sapyari, gadaweris adgili romana, qarTvelTa cnobili saganmanaTleblo kera konstantinopolis maxloblad. amis Sesaxeb Tavad xelnawerSi darTuli gadamweris anderZSi vkiTxulobT: “wmindano maxarebelno, ganmaZliereT codvili iovane, romelman friadsa uZlurebasa Sina myofman, xel-vyav weriT mosaqmebad wmidisa amis saxarebisa”. aqve vigebT, rom cnobil moRvawes zaqaria bers didi SromiT miugnia mTawmindaze TviT giorgis xeliT gadawerili calisTvis. igi xeluxlebeli da uSecdomo yofila, aqedan gadauwerinebia piri Satberdeli xucesis, stefanesaTvis, xolo am gadmonaweridan gadmouRia vanis oTxTavis gadamwers iovanes. Mamitomac iTvleba vanis oTxTavi originalTan yvelaze axlos da yvelaze daumaxinjebel saxarebad. gadamweri iovane Tamar dedoflis mlocvelad ixseniebs Tavs. Cans, am didebuli xelnaweris Seqmna Tamars Tu masTan daaxloebul pirebs bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTvelebisaTvis dauvalebiaT.
vanis oTxTavi, saukeTesod gadawerili da damuSavebuli, xelovnebis iSviaTi nimuSicaa. Semkulia Zvirfasi kamarebiT, miniaturebiT, Tavis samkaulebiTa da inicialebiT. Yyovelive es Seuqmnia berZen oqromwerals miqael koresels. amis Sesaxeb xelnaweris berZnuli monaweridan vigebT.
xelnawers darTuli aqvs giorgi mTawmindelis cnobili anderZi. anderZis mixedviT giorgi Tavis naSroms saxarebis axal Targmanad miiCnevs. msgavsi Sinaarsis anderZebi mogvepoveba gelaTisa da leCxumis, labsyaldisa da sxva saxarebebTan, magram zogi saxarebis anderZi sxvagvaradaa warmodgenili: “ese sacnaur iyavn yovelTa, rameTu ese wmindai oTxTavi ara Tu axlad gviTargmnia, aramed friadiTa iZulebiTa ZmaTa vieTme raiTa sulieriTaiTa berZnulTa saxarebaTada Segviwamebia friadiTa gamowulvilviTa”. es varianti gvaqvs breTas, axalcixis, moqvis, ubisisa da zogierT sxva saxarebaSi.
giorgis miewereba saxarebis ara axlad Targmani, aramed mxolod safuZvliani Sejereba berZnulTan, rameTu darTuli aqvs sityvebi “armed” ...“ara Tu”... axla ukve roca safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili da Sejerebuli saxarebaTa teqstebi, sinamdvilea rom giorgim Seajera, gadaamuSava berZnulTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli oTxTavebi da miiRo teqstTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi safuZvliani redaqcia, mas oTxTavi xelaxla, ra Tqma unda, ar uTargmnia.
Mmisma redaqciam gauZlo saukuneebs da Cvenamde ise moaRwia, rom xelaxali Sesworebani ar dasWirvebia.
Yyovel saxarebas wamZRvarebuli aqvs Sinaarsis nusxa. teqstis gadaweris Semdeg, gadamwers Tu redaqtorebs guldasmiT waukiTxavT da SeniSvnebi SeutaniaT. Tu romelime sityvas Tavze samwertils dausvamdnen es imis niSani iyo, rom an sityva iyo Sesacvleli an romelime aso. amavdroulad mis gaswvriv aSiaze iwereboda teqstSi dawunebuli sityvis (Tu sityvebis) swori da miRebuli forma. mag: “... xolo dRisa misTvis da Jamisa aravin icis, arc angelozTa cisaTa, arca Zeman, garna mamaman mxoloman”, “arc Zeman”, sami xelnaweridan mxolod gelaTis oTxTavSi gvxvdeba. (vanisa da eCmiaZinis xelnawerebSi es sityva ar aris) gaswvriv aSiaze teqstis xeliT weria: “arca Zeman” - sayuradRebo SeniSvnaa, e.i. teqstSi Sesworebis SetanasTan erTad asabuTebidnen mizezs: berZnulSi ar iyo da Cvenc ar Segvitaniao.
xelnaweris enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia:
1) Uumartvilo, u da e – tyuebosa, CuenebiT;
2) sj, sW, sC kompleqsebi asimilaciiT yvelgan Sj, SW, SC kompleqsebs gvaZlevs: saSjeli, SWamT uSjuloeba;
3) cxovreba=cxoneba (vanis dakargva);
4) Hxadis, hxedavs, („hae“ „xanis“ win SenarCunebula);
5) zrunav, sumideT, (igive „hae“ II subieqturi da III iribobieqturi piris niSnad ikargeba z da s bgerebis win);
6) nametavi da ara „nametnavi“, sawuTo da ara „sawuTro“. …
vanis oTxTavma pirvandeli adgilsamyofelidan (romanadan) grZeli gza ganvlo. XIV-XVI saukuneebSi iyo mesxeTis sofel SoraTaSi, Semdeg vanSi aRmoCnda, iqedan gelaTSi, xolo gelaTidan Camoitanes (vukol beriZem) TbilisSi da amJamad daculia saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.
eCmiaZinis qarTuli oTxTavi daculia somxeTSi, eCmiaZinis saeklesio muzeumSi. saqarTveloSi misi mxolod fotopiria. pirvelad xelnawers ilia abulaZe gaecno (1960w.) arqimandrit vahan terianis daxmarebiT. man SeamCnia, rom xelnaweri saocrad gavda vanis oTxTavs, rogorc teqstis SinaarsiT, ise mis moxatulobaSi. xelnaweri Seicavs 275 furcels (vanis oTxTavi 274s.). eCmiaZis oTxTavi aris gadawerili vanis oTxTavidan, ise rom Zalze axlos yofiliyo dedanTan, naweria sqel etratze daaxloebiT iseTive xeliT, rogorc vanis oTxTavi. moRweulia dauzianeblad, xSiri xmarebis gamo aqa-iq gamuqebula kideebi, zoma _ 29sm 23sm-ze, naweria nusxuriT, vanis oTxTavis msgavsad gamoyenebulia mrgvlovani, oqromelniT moxatuli asoebi.
GgansxvavebiT vanis oTxTavisgan ar moepoveba anderZi, amitom dawvrilebiTi cnobebi mis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba, magram msgavsebaTa gamo TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari erTxmad aRiarebs, rom eCmiaZinis oTxTavi unda iyos Sesrulebuli iqve, sadac vanis oTxTavi daaxloebiT imave wlebSi.
erTaderTi gansxvaveba, rac gakvirvebas iwvevs, aris is rom eCmianiZis oTxTavs giorgi mTawmindelis anderZi daucavs ara im redaqciiT, romliTac aris is vanis oTxTavi da romlis mixedviTac giorgis saxarebis axali Targmani miewereba, aramed im redaqciiT, romliTac giorgi mxolod redaqtoria. eCmiaZinis oTxTavze arsebuli minawerebiT mecnierebi im daskvnamde midian, rom eCmiaZinis oTxTavsac samxreT saqarTvelos (tao-klarjeTis) gzebze xangrZlivad unda evlo.
gelaTis oTxTavi 1921 wels saqarTvelodan parizSi gaitanes. sxva ganZTan erTad es xelnaweri eqvTime TayaiSvilis wyalobiT daubrunda samSoblos (1945w.) da amJamad daculia saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.
gelaTis oTxTavi XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnas ekuTvnis. Sedgeba 293 furclisagan, naweria kargi xarisxis etratze, nusxuriT. erT svetad. dasawyisi asoebi Sesrulebulia oqromelniT. xelnawers amSvenebs tyavgadakruli yda Semkuli Zvirfasi TvlebiT. miCneulia, rogorc xelovnebis uiSviaTesi da uZvirfasesi Zegli da xelovnebaTmcodneebis did interess iwvevs. oTxTavs win uZRvis giorgi mTawmindelis „stixosni“ - leqsi akrostixad. TiToeul saxarebas, msgavsad vanisa da eCmiaZisa win uZRvis Tavebis Sinaarsi. xelnawerma Semogvinaxa anderZis is redaqcia, romliTac giorgi mTawmindeli saxarebis mTargmnelad aris miCneuli. gelaTis oTxTavi vanisa da eCmiaZinis oTxTavebs mihyveba da amitom maTSi ar aris mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi. Aarsebobs saxarebis kidev erTi qarTuli redaqcia: Teofilaqte bulgarelis egzetikuri naSromis „markozisa da lukas saxarebaTa Targmanebis“ qarTuli Targmani, moRweulia XIII saukunis ramdenime xelnaweriT da dasaTaurebulia Semdegnairad: „ioaneman filosofosman WimWimelman eladelTa xmisagan spanT mosaxeled xmad gardamoiRo Targmaneba wmidisa evangelisa“.
rac Seexeba gadamwers, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, magram yvela SeTanxmebulia imaze, rom iovane WimWimeli XII saukunis moRvawea. mkvlevarTa nawili mas ioane petriwTan aigavebs (iv. lolaSvili, T. cqitiSvili), meore nawili uaryofs (k. kekeliZe, d. meliqiSvili, e. WeliZe) am mosazrebas.
ioane WimWimelis Teofilaqtes naSroms Targmnisas markozisa da lukas saxarebaTa gansamartavi teqstic gadmouRia. es teqstic rogorc Cans, aris giorgi mTawmnideliseuli Targmanis safuZvliani gadamuSaveba.
teqsti maqsimalurad daaxloebulia berZnul dedanTan da k. kekeliZis azriT swored enis simZimem da xelovnurobam SeuSala xeli am redaqciis gavrcelebas da liturgikul praqtikaSi danergvas.
